USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War USS Valley Forge (CV-45) was the final Essex-class aircraft carrier to enter service with the US Navy. Though intended for use during World War II, the carrier was not completed until late 1946, long after hostilities had ended. Valley Forge was serving in the Far East in 1950 and was the first American fleet carrier to take part in the  Korean War. The vessel saw extensive service during the conflict before being converted to an antisubmarine carrier later in the 1950s. Further change came in 1961 when Valley Forge was modified into an amphibious assault ship. In this role it conducted multiple deployments to Southeast Asia during the early years of the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1970, the ship was sold for scrap the following year. A New Design Conceived in the 1920s and 1930s, the US Navys  Lexington- and  Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were intended to fit the tonnage limitations put in place by the  Washington Naval Treaty. This enacted restrictions on the sizes of different types of warships as well as placed a cap on each signatory’s total tonnage. This scheme was re-examined and extended by the London Naval Treaty in 1930. As international tensions increased in the 1930s, Japan and Italy elected to leave the treaty system. With the collapse of the treaty structure, the US Navy moved forward its efforts to design a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which used lessons learned from the  Yorktown-class. The new type was wider and longer as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This had been employed earlier on  USS  Wasp  (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class possessed a stronger anti-aircraft armament. Work commenced on the lead ship,  USS  Essex  (CV-9), on April 28, 1941. Long-Hull Following the Japanese  attack on Pearl Harbor  and US entry into  World War II, the  Essex-class quickly became the US Navys principal design for fleet carriers. The first four ships after  Essex  used the class initial design. In early 1943, the US Navy elected to make several changes with goal of improving future vessels. The most noticeable of these changes was lengthening the bow to a clipper design which allowed for the inclusion of two quadruple 40 mm mounts. Other alterations saw the addition of improved ventilation and aviation fuel systems, the combat information center moved under the armored deck, a second catapult installed on the flight deck, and the mounting  of an additional fire control director. Referred to as the long-hull  Essex-class or  Ticonderoga-class by some, the US Navy made no distinction between these and the earlier  Essex-class ships. Construction The first vessel to begin construction with the enhanced  Essex-class design was USS  Hancock  (CV-14) which was later re-named  Ticonderoga. This was followed by several additional carriers including USS  Valley Forge  (CV-45).  Named for the location of  General George Washingtons  famed encampment, construction commenced on September 14, 1943, at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.   Funding for the carrier was provided by the sale of over $76,000,000 in E Bonds throughout the greater Philadelphia region. The ship entered the water on July 8, 1945, with Mildred Vandergrift, wife of  Battle of Guadalcanal  commander General Archer Vandergrift, serving as sponsor. Work progressed into 1946 and  Valley Forge  entered commission on November 3, 1946, with Captain John W. Harris in command. The ship was the last  Essex-class carrier to join to the fleet. USS Valley Forge (CV-45) - Overview: Nation:  United StatesType:  Aircraft CarrierShipyard:  Philadelphia Naval ShipyardLaid Down:  September 14,1943Launched:  July 8, 1945Commissioned:  November 3, 1946Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1971 Specifications: Displacement:  27,100 tonsLength:  888 ft.Beam:  93 ft. (waterline)Draft:  28 ft., 7 in.Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed:  33 knotsComplement:  3,448 men Armament: 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft: 90-100 aircraft Early Service Completing fitting out, Valley Forge landed Air Group 5 in January 1947 with a F4U Corsair flown by Commander H. H. Hirshey making the first landing on the ship.  Departing port, the carrier conducted its shakedown cruise in the Caribbean with stops at Guantanamo Bay and the Panama Canal. Returning to Philadelphia, Valley Forge underwent a brief overhaul before sailing for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal, the carrier arrived at San Diego on August 14 and formally joined the US Pacific Fleet. Sailing west that fall, Valley Forge took part in exercises near Pearl Harbor, before steaming to Australia and Hong Kong. Moving north to Tsingtao, China, the carrier received orders to return home via the Atlantic which would permit it to make an around the world voyage. Following stops in Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore, and Trincomalee, Valley Forge entered the Persian Gulf for a goodwill stop at Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia. Rounding the Arabian Peninsula, the carrier became the longest ship to transit the Suez Canal. Moving through the Mediterranean, Valley Forge called at Bergen, Norway and Portsmouth, UK before returning home to New York. In July 1948, the carrier replaced its complement of aircraft and received the new Douglas A-1 Skyraider and the Grumman F9F Panther jet fighter. Ordered to the Far East in early 1950, Valley Forge was in port at Hong Kong on June 25 when the Korean War commenced. Korean War Three days after the start of the war, Valley Forge became flagship of the US Seventh Fleet and served as the core of Task Force 77.  Having provisioned at Subic Bay in the Philippines, the carrier rendezvoused with ships from the Royal Navy, including the carrier HMS Triumph, and commenced strikes against North Korean forces on July 3. These initial operations saw Valley Forges F9F Panthers down two enemy Yak-9s. As the conflict progressed, the carrier provided support for General Douglas MacArthurs landings at Inchon in September.  Valley Forges aircraft continued to pound North Korean positions until November 19, when, after over 5,000 sorties had been flown, the carrier was withdrawn and ordered to the West Coast.    Reaching the United States, Valley Forges stay proved brief as the Chinese entry into the war in December required the carrier to immediately return to the war zone.  Rejoining TF 77 on December 22, planes from the carrier entered the fray the next day. Continuing operations for the next three months, Valley Forge aided United Nations forces in halting the Chinese offensive. On March 29, 1951, the carrier again departed for San Diego. Reaching home, it was then directed north to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a much needed overhaul. This was completed that summer and after embarking Air Group 1, Valley Forge sailed for Korea. The first US carrier to make three deployments to the war zone, Valley Forge resumed launching combat sorties on December 11.  These were largely focused on  railway interdiction and saw the carriers planes repeatedly strike at Communist supply lines. Briefly returning to San Diego that summer, Valley Forge commenced its fourth combat tour in October 1952. Continuing to attack Communist supply depots and infrastructure, the carrier remained off the Korean coast until the final weeks of the war. Steaming for San Diego, Valley Forge underwent an overhaul and was transferred to the US Atlantic Fleet. New Roles With this shift, Valley Forge was re-designated as an anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS-45).  Refitted for this duty at Norfolk, the carrier commenced service in its new role in January 1954.  Three years later, Valley Forge executed the US Navys first ship-based aerial envelopment exercise when its landing party was shuttled to and from a landing zone at Guantanamo Bay using only helicopters. A year later, the carrier became flagship of Rear Admiral John S. Thachs Task Group Alpha which focused on perfecting tactics and equipment for dealing with enemy submarines.   In early 1959, Valley Forge sustained damage from heavy seas and steamed to New York Naval Shipyard for repairs.  To expedite the work, a large section of flight deck was transferred from the inactive USS Franklin (CV-13) and transferred to Valley Forge. Returning to service, Valley Forge participated in the Operation Skyhook testing in 1959 which saw it launch balloons to measure cosmic rays. December 1960 saw the carrier recover the Mercury-Redstone 1A capsule for NASA as well as provide assistance to the crew of SS Pine Ridge which split in two off the coast of Cape Hatteras.   Steaming north, Valley Forge arrived at Norfolk on March 6, 1961 to undergo conversion into an amphibious assault ship (LPH-8). Rejoining the fleet that summer,  the ship commenced training in the Caribbean before embarking its complement of helicopters and joining the US Atlantic Fleets ready amphibious force. That October, Valley Forge operated off the Dominican Republic with orders to aid American citizens during a period of unrest on the island. Vietnam Directed to join the US Pacific Fleet in early 1962, Valley Forge airlifted its Marines into Laos in May to aid in thwarting a Communist takeover of the country.  Withdrawing these troops in July, it remained in the Far East until the end of the year when it sailed for the West Coast. Following a modernization overhaul at Long Beach, Valley Forge made another Western Pacific deployment in 1964 during which it won a Battle Effectiveness Award. Following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in August, the ship moved closer to the Vietnamese coast and remained in the area into the fall. As the United States escalated its involvement in the Vietnam War, Valley Forge began ferrying helicopters and troops to Okinawa before making a deployment to the South China Sea. Taking up station in the fall of 1965, Valley Forges Marines participated in Operations Dagger Thrust and Harvest Moon before playing a role in Operation Double Eagle in early 1966.  After brief overhaul following these operations, the ship returned to Vietnam and assumed a position off Da Nang. Sent back to the United States in late 1966, Valley Forge spent part of early 1967 in the yard before commencing training exercises on the West Coast. Steaming west in November, the ship arrived in Southeast Asia and landed its troops as part of Operation Fortress Ridge. This saw them conduct search and destroy missions just south of the Demilitarized Zone. These activities were followed by Operation Badger Tooth near Quang Tri before Valley Forge shifted to a new station off Dong Hoi. From this position, it participated in Operation Badger Catch and supported the Cua Viet Combat Base.   Final Deployments The early months of 1968 continued to see Valley Forges forces take part in operations such as Badger Catch I and III as well as serve as an emergency landing platform for US Marine helicopters whose bases were under attack.  After continued service in June and July, the ship transferred its Marines and helicopters to USS Tripoli (LPH-10) and sailed for home. Receiving an overhaul, Valley Forge commenced five months of training before ferrying a load of helicopters to Vietnam. Arriving in the region, its forces took part in Operation Defiant Measure on March 6, 1969. With the conclusion of that mission, Valley Forge continued to steam off Da Nang as its Marines conducted a variety duties. Following training off Okinawa in June, Valley Forge arrived back off the northern coast of South Vietnam and launched Operation Brave Armada on July 24. With its Marines fighting in Quang Ngai Province, the ship remained on station and provided support. With the conclusion of the operation on August 7, Valley Forge debarked its Marines at Da Nang and departed for port calls at Okinawa and Hong Kong. On August 22, the ship learned that it would be deactivated following its deployment. After a brief stop at Da Nang to load equipment, Valley Forge touched at Yokosuka, Japan before sailing for the United States. Arriving at Long Beach on September 22, Valley Forge was decommissioned on January 15, 1970. Though some efforts were made to preserve the ship as a museum, they failed and Valley Forge was sold for scrap on October 29, 1971.

The reflection of the case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The reflection of the - Case Study Example This is one of the dilemmas facing Kamen and Segway entering into the market, and what the early investors in Credit Suisse and Perkins were also facing, investing close to $37 million each and for that getting only about seven percent of total equity. That meant they were valuing Segway very highly, while allowing Kamen to hold majority shares of the firm. It was an educated gamble and entails a lot of risk. The risk mitigation measures, such as the undertaking of formal and rigorous market research, were essentially not present in this case. The investors, and Kamen, had to go on faith that Kamen’s intuitions are correct. One can argue that from the perspective of the market, there are many other unknowns too that make the Segway venture more complicated. There are the laws on the use of the Segway in public streets and the way they are to be regulated or not that add to the uncertainty of the success of the product. Moreover, there are unknowns too with regard to whether th ere are going to be oppositions from vested interests who may be adversely affected by the success of the Segway, including the traditional car manufacturers, and even the oil companies, whose sales and profits will be affected by the success of the new machine. One can expect that these vested interests will not take the introduction of the Segway and the threat to their livelihoods sitting down. Of course if the threat is real they have the motivation to block its success, by lobbying for the Segway’s regulation for instance, and making it difficult for the Segway to gain access to roads. These and other vested interests will surely put up a fight. Then too, as the article notes, it is not clear at that point whether the market will warm up to the new vehicle, given that the American love affair with automobiles is deeply entrenched in the culture and is part of the American psyche, immortalized in art, in popular culture, in the movies, and in

Law discussion5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law discussion5 - Essay Example When the front desk employee is notified of the spilled drink, he is immediately has a legal obligation to do something about it due to the law on duty of care. The duty was breached since the front office employee did not promptly act on the information provided. He should have the drink washed up. By failing to act immediately, the employee and the hotel by extension, breach their duty and fail to meet their institutional obligation. The standard of care is often defined as the level of caution and reason expected of any individual or institution that has a duty of care. The standard of care in this case is therefore neutralizing the danger posed by the spilled drink. They can either have it washed up immediately or at least bar the lobby until they can clean it up. The hotel did not obviously meet this standard of care. John’s injuries are as a result of an accident that can be solely attributed to negligence of the hotel. The breach of duty was therefore the proximate cause of his injuries and the hotel should face full liability. An injury is any harm done to a person or persons caused by an act or omission of another or others. Injury is mainly physical hurt but includes damage to dignity or reputation, loss of a constitutional right, or even breach of contract. In this case there is injury in that the boy breaks his hand. There is also injury through breach of duty of care as the boy is exposed to danger in a place he is promised to be

Selling Apporoach Essay Example for Free

Selling Apporoach Essay 1. It is important for a sales person to anticipate buyers concerns and objectives because it shows that you have concerns as well and as a sales person you must generate the correct information to help buyers understand there interest. 2. There are multiple numbers of objectives, but only a few are more difficult to handle and they fall in this categories needs objection, product or service objectives, company or source objections, price objections and time objectives. 3. The direct denial method should only be used unsubstantially. It would also be better to use it towards customers that you already established a good vibe for the relationship. 4. I do agree to the saying â€Å"if a sales person gets sales resistance, then he or she has done a very good job during the presentation because that means that they didn’t clearly give enough information toward the customer concerns. 5. I believe a sales person want to agree to sales resistance if the sale wasn’t meant for them. 6. There should never be a situation where the sales person can’t overcome sales resistance because there is a term LAARC. Its and acronym for listen, acknowledge, asses, respond and confirmed that describes an effective process for sales people to follow to overcome sales resistance. 7. I agree that closing is the most important stage of the sells process because it’s a review of everything discussed and it give the consumer and sales person clarification and unsterdaning the product 8. Sales people shouldn’t have any closing techniques ready to use during a sales call because all customers have different needs and wants to a product so it should be based on what the salesperson picks up to determine what the closing technique should be. 9. The eLAARC method can be used for all types of sales resistance because it evolves you to listen, acknowledge, respond, and confirm the sales resistance. 10. The best method to handle sales resistance is to know your product, keep a positive attitude, be enthusiastic, and keep your customer happy.

The Importance of Adequate Carbohydrate Consumption Essay -- Health Nu

The Importance of Adequate Carbohydrate Consumption Severely restricting carbohydrates is not healthy and offers little advantages in terms of fat loss. Consumers of low carbohydrate products are often deceived into believing all low carbohydrate products are better for their health. However, usually when a product claims to have a low amount of carbohydrates, it fails to mention the increase of fats and proteins the product gains to compensate for the lost carbohydrates. In reality low carbohydrate diets increase health risks and give dieters false hopes. Carbohydrates are significant in supplying energy to the body’s needs. Through plenty of carbohydrates, especially for active people and athletes, the body is able to use its’ adequate amounts of energy efficiently. The brain and body prefer to use glucose, a product of the digestion of carbohydrates, as an energy source. Therefore, the severe reduction of carbohydrates has many negative effects on the body. By eating only protein and fats the body will go into starvation mode. In the absence of a sufficient amount of carbohydrates the body is forced to use stored blood sugar from the liver and muscles. This process results in an initial protein tissue loss and urinary loss of electrolytes. Protein tissues, muscles, are mostly composed of water; consequently, the elimination of carbohydrates in the body causes the body to start to undergo a process known as ketosis. With this large amount of water loss, it appears that the body is rapidly losing an abundant amount of weight. Although appealing to the dieter, this rapid weight loss from decreased carbohydrates can pose a variety of health risks. Because of the decreased amount of carbohydrate... ...nd after intense physical activity, the body is able to maintain a balanced level of carbohydrate sources and perform better. The strict limitation of carbohydrates in a diet may appear to give the desired result of weight loss, but actually brings many health risks. Instead, carbohydrates help to reduce health risks, and also provide your body with key sources of energy. Not only are carbohydrates the main source of energy for the body, but they also create fiber which helps the body’s organs to function properly. The consumption of carbohydrates is important for normal functions of the body, but especially for the performance of an athlete. In order for maximum athletic performance, a large amount of carbohydrates must be consumed throughout the period of a workout. Overall the right amount of carbohydrates and exercise are necessary for a healthy diet.

Do violent media desensitize children

Do violent media desensitizing younger audiences ? In my opinion media shouldn't be held responsible for corrupting the society because there are many other factors which contribute to the corruption of younger kids in a society. Television, Music and video games are held responsible all the time when something goes wrong in a society regarding the kids. Factors like personal issues and lack of understanding and also the miscommunication between kids and the adults are other reasons which add up to the reasons for the â€Å"desensitizing† of younger audiences.Regardless, media does have a negative impact on the society, specially the children ‘s, due to the popularity of media that is presented and promoted in our everyday life's. It allows younger viewers to believe that the media is more genuine than actual reality, therefore creating aggressiveness and attitude changes in youngsters, creating major impacts on the future of the society. There is are two opposite sides arguing against and for † violence in entertainment†. The side which is † for † are the marketers who promote media with violence involved. Consumers enjoy violent forms of entertainment which allows businesses to ascend.Research proves that violence is something expected and sired by the consumers, which allows companies to make more profit. The side that is â€Å"against,† argue that violence corrupts the society because it allows the promotion of violence. Research also proves that media incorporated with violence is associated with aggressive behavior found in children and young adults, aggressive behaviors such as lack of remorse for the consequences, violence against others, show signs of hostility, decreased emotional responses to violence and injury are the reasons why violence in media is arguing against.The violence presented by the media up till now are mostly targeting the younger rowers more than adults. Concern for younger viewers has inc reased significantly over time ever since television came onto the screen until the 1920 ‘s, since it is considered that the first two years of a child's life is important due to it being a very important because their brain is still at the stage of development, but media is introduced to children before they even go to school which affects their ability to learn.The extent of the impact media such as television has on children is outrageous as it has the ability to interfere with their development. These days hillier are not playing, exploring, learning and interacting with their peers instead they are locked up in their homes watching, playing or listening to the media, this discourages children from preventing them from participating in healthy physical and social activities for their development. It is always encouraged for a child to learn to develop social skills and well as to keep fit and healthy but media prevents that.Parents and positive guidance at home can help pr event violence in children from occurring. A home is always the first place a child begins to learn things, if there is no roper and positive guidance at home than children automatically turn out to be ignorant and more dependent on the media, but if they were properly and positively guided at home, children will have the ability to understand the difference between acceptable and unacceptable.There are many ways parents can prevent such catastrophes from occurring in their children. They could monitor the children shows, they could watch the shows with their children so parents will have an idea of what their children watch, parents can Join their children in extracurricular activities; which will help them stay active and involved with their peers. Regrettably violence is a popular form of entertainment, over 60% of the shows on television consists of violence.Research conducted by the Media Awareness Network has shown that kids who consistently watch violent shows, games or other form of media that consists of violence have higher chances of showing signs of aggressiveness and violence as they hit adulthood. Children who are familiarized with the violent acts have increased need for the adrenaline rush they get from watching such acts, and if they do not get the adrenaline rush there are possibilities f them are taking actions in their own hands by partaking in real life violent acts.An example of violent televisions shows corrupting a viewers mind could be the show Jack Ass. There has been reports on how people try imitating stunts that were performed on television in real life, this causes injury and danger to the society. Overall media do have a negative impact on the society. It does have the ability of † desensitizing† young viewers as they continuously watch, play, and hear violence being socially accepted in the society, but it also depends on how the child is being aided at home, a proper and improper guidance at home always initiates wh ether the child is properly taught or not.

Artificial Intelligence And The Turing Test - 760 Words

Every year technology advances and one of the most questionable advancements is artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence isn’t necessarily new but it has expanded greatly the past few years. I will first explain what artificial intelligence is and the Turing Test. Finally, I will discuss Turing and Searle’s views about the Turing Test and who has the stronger argument. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, artificial intelligence (AI) is, â€Å"The capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior† (Webster). What that means is that any electronic thing can perform human behavior. For example, Apple’s Siri, Siri is a component where you can ask your phone to look up the weather, text or call someone, etc. One of the†¦show more content†¦Along with that they will take our jobs away causing humans to not be able to learn and grow. AI robots will greatly impact society significantly and not in a good way if used wrongly. Alan Turing invented the Turing Test, as explained above what it does I will further explain Alan’s concepts about it. Upon completing the test, if the guesses are no more reliable than chance the computer passes meaning than the computer thinks. He also believes that â€Å"If a machine passes the test it must behave verbally. If you deny the machines conscious you have no bases to believe other people are conscious† (class notes). According to Professor Jefferson in Exploring Philosophy he believes the validity of the Turing Test is wrong, he argues that â€Å"The only way by which one could be sure that a machine thinks is to be the machine and to feel oneself thinking† (page 178). I agree with Jefferson because ultimately, we can explain why we believe it thinks but we truly don’t know if it is. Searle disagrees with Alan Turing, he believes that no program that is purely symbolic can produce thoughts. That only biological beings can be conscious and that the Turing Test doesn’t prove that it is conscious (class notes). Searle gives an alternative concept to the Turing Test by replacing the computer with a human and the program but making the symbols in Chinese. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Turing Test1426 Words   |  6 Pages One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, â€Å"the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men†.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. â€Å"We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and theRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Chapppie722 Words   |  3 Pagesto the philosophers Searle and Turing due to their similar topics of Artificial Intelligence. 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